THE FROG GAME

Oringins

Some people attribute the origin of this game to a Inca legend. In this culture toads were venerated for their magical powers. On festive days gold pieces were thrown into the lakes. If a toad jumped and ate the piece, it became into gold and the shooter was granted a wish. The Incas built a great golden toad, with which all the royalty was amused. It was a game with a dose of mystery, where dance an joy were mixed in a single rite: Pukllay Sapu (Play of Sapu)

Other historians say that thousands of years ago, in the Egypt of the Pharaohs, a similar game to the game of the frog was practiced. The Egyptians practiced several games of room.

In modern time, at the beginning of the century, passengers of great transatlantic ships practiced the game of the frog on the decks.

This game is very widespread in all the North of Spain

How to play

A frog made of iron with its mouth open is placed in the center of a wooden box. Around there are 4 to 6 holes, one windlass or trampoline and 2 bridges.

Each player can throw from 6 to 10 chips or records. The frog is 15 cm. tall and 10 cm. wide. The chips or records measure 40 mm. of diameter and 8 mm. thick. Its mouth has an opening of 2 chips at a time. The distance to throw these chips or records will be 3 meters, although the distance can be varied according to the age of the participants. Frog placement is usually the center.

The pitcher must through the chip. If the chip goes through the mouth of the frog you get 100 points; through the windlass, 50 points; through the bridges or arcs, 25 points; the worst play is to throuw it through the holes, you get only 5 points. If the chips stay on the top of the table, you get 0 points.

They play between 3 and 5 rounds, playing to the best of 500 points or 1.000 points, although this can change according to the zones or places. But it should always be clear before the game starts.

This game is very practiced in canteens, bars,… The loser pays the drinks for friends. It is a bet.

PIGMENTS

Chorme Yellow

Description.
Relatively inexpresive yellow pigment with high covering power but with only fair lighfastness and chemical stability. The Chrome colors were in use by 1816 but on a limited basis. Because the pigment tends to oxidize and darken on exposure to air over the time, and it contains lead, a toxic and heavy metal, it has been largely replaced by another pigment: Cadmium yellow.

Origin.
The name Chrome yellow comes from the name of a chemical element. It is derived from the Greek word "chrōma", meaning color, because many of its compounds are intensely colored.
It was discovered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin in the mineral crocoite (lead chromate) in 1797. Crocoite was used as a pigment, and after the discovery that the mineral chromite also contains chromium this latter mineral was used to produce pigments as well.


Louis Nicolas Vauquelin

Translations
German: Chromgelb
French: jaune de chrôme
Italian: Giallo de cromo
Spanish: Amarillo Cromo, también llamado cromato, amarillo de plomo o más coloquialmente, amarillo tráfico.


Timeline
In 1809, when Vauquelin published his full investigation of the color chemistry of chromium in the now-prestigious Annales de chimie, chrome yellow was already on the artists' palette. It appears, for example, in Thomas Lawrence's Portrait of a Gentleman, painted in 1810.
Chrome yellow started to be used at 1816 and we continius using it nowadays.


 Sir Thomas Lawrence. Portrait of a Gentleman (1810)


ACRYLIC

Acrylic is an appealing medium because of its versatility. We can use it watered down or thickly. There are also several of different acrylic mediums that artists can add to the paint to alter the texture or other characteristics of the acrylic paint.





What is acrylic?
Acrylic paint consists of pigment suspended in a binder of acrylic polymer emulsion. Water is the vehicle for the acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylics are sold in tubes or jars, and can be applied in a number of different ways, paintbrush, palette knife, fingers, etc., they can be used right from the tube, in most cases the paint is mixed on a palette first. 
You can make acrylic paints by mixing pure powdered pigment with a binder and solvent: 
Add water or a clear alcohol to a pile of pure ground pigment, and mix with spatula. Once the pigments are completely dispersed, add the binder, and mix with spatula. The result is an acrylic paint that is similar to manufactured acrylic paint.

POINTILLISM

General Overview

Pointllism is often considered part of the post-impressionist movement. It was primarily invented by painters George Saurat and Paul Signac. Pointillism uses only small dots of pure colour to compose an entire painting.

When was the pointillist movement?

Pointillsm reached its peak in the 1880s and 1890s after the Impressionist movement. Many of the concepts and ideas, however, continued to be used by artists afterwards.

What are the characteristics of pintillism?

Pointillism is a specific way of appliying the paint to the canvas. The painting is made up entirely of small dots of pure colour. Pointillism used the science of optics to create colours from many small dots placed so close to each other that they would blur into an image in the eye. This is the same way computers screens work nowadays. The pixels in the computer screen are just like the dots is a pointillist painting. The smaller the dots, the cleaner the painting and the sharper the lines. The style often used dots of complementary colours to highlight the painting.

Famous pointillism artist

Both Georges Saurat and Paul Signac were the founders of pointillism

Main pointillism paintings

A sunday afternoon on the island of La Grande Jatte

Sunday

HOW TO DO AN ENDWINED STAR

1.- Make two lines that you connect to know the middle of the paper, there draw a pentagon knowing the radio you draw.
2.- Connect the vertices to the centre with the compass.
3.- In the vertex draw a line not too near to the radio and do a line.
4.- Repeat this with all the vertices and connect the second star.

HOW TO DO CIRCLES / TRIANGLES AND PARALLELS PATTERN

TRIANGLES AND PARALLELS PATTERN
1.-Drawing points and connecting this points making triangles.
2.- In this triangles, using the set squares, make parallels lines inside this triangles with different colours.

CIRCLES PATTERN

1.- Make two lines that you connect to know the middle of the paper. There draw a circle (not too big), and with the same lengh draw another circle which center is on the circunference of the first circle.
2.- Draw another circle where this lines cut.
3.- Do this till fill the sheet

COMPLETE THE GAPS

A triangule is a polygon shapes consisting ni three line segment linked end-to-end, so it has three vertices.It is a 3 sided closed. The base can be any of its three sedes, bit it is usually drawn at the bottom. The altitude of a triangule is the distante from the base to the opposite vertex.

GEOMETRY EXERCICE

Complete the following sentences
I need a compass to draw a perfect circle.
If you don´t use the set square you won´t get perfect parallels.
See my technical drawing !! now I´am going to use instrumental to draw it more accuralety.
If you use a pencil , you can use an eraser to delete the lines.
Have you seen my technical drawing?It is a plan to build a house.

What would you use to draw
1.- Perpendicular lines? The set square.
2.- A set of concenric circles? The circles.
3.-A long straight line? The ruler.
4.-A circle? The compass.
5.-A few paralel lines? The set square.
6.-A portrait? Freehand.
7.-An arc? Technical drawing.
8.-A landscape? The ruler.
9.-Certain angles? Protactor.
10.-Copying lengths? The compass.

"Día de muertos" The Mexican Halloween

The mexican Halloween in called Dia de Muertos. It is the first and second of november.

If you visit Mexico on this days a very famous place you can visit is the Doll's Island. This is an island full of very old and ugly dolls tipical of this days.

In "Dia de Muertos", families do an special place in their houses remembering people of their family who died. In this place they put salt, seeds, sugar or bread skulls, photos of their dead relatives, and other things always full of a lot of colours. They also put food, the one prefered for their dead relatives. This food sometimes is eated, sometimes not.

The houses and stores are decorate with skulls and Halloween things.

Children go out the street and go for houses saying "Queremos Halloween", this is their "Trick or Tread"

Definitions

FIRST TERM

BASIC GEOMETRY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS:
Geometry: It is an area wichs studies elements and operations on/in the plane such as points, lines or shapes.
Point: A point is a place or location where two lines intersect.
Line: A one-dimensional object formed by infite points. It has no endpoints.
Ray: A line which begins at a particular point.
Endpoint: An Endpoint is a point at which a line or ray ends or starts.
Midpoint: It is the point in halfway between two end endpoints.
Line segment: It is a line with two endpoint.
Straight line: A line whose points follow the same direction.
Plane: It is a two-dimensional Surface, can be defined by two paralel lines, two intersecting lines or one point and a straight line.
Lenght: Measurement of something from end to end
Mediatrix: It is the line that goes throught the middle of the segment
Bisector: It is the line that goes throught the middle of an angle of 90º

GEOMETRY DRAWING AND SUPPLIES CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS:
FreeHand: Drawn by hand without guiding instruments.
Line/Technical drawing: It is a drawing made with the help of supplies.
Compass: It is a tool for drawing  circles  and arcs.
Set squares: They are two special rulers with a triangle shape. One is called the 45º square and the other the 30/60º square.
Eraser: It is an item to delete something in the black board
Ruler: It is an instrument to do straight lines.
Protactor: It is an item to measure or draw angles on a paper
Maker: It is a pen for having a wrinting point made from pressed fibres.

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS ABOUT ANGLES AND LINES
Parallels: They are lines wich never intersect themselves, so all their points are equidistant.
Perpendicular: They are lines which meet forming four right angles.
Oblique / Skew: They are lines which are not parallels neither perpendicular.
Angle: It is a figure formed by two rays (sides of the angle) sharing a common endpoint (vertex).
Complementary angles: They are couples of angleswhich sum is 90º
Suplementary angles: They are couple of angles which sum is 180º
Adyacent angles:They are angles that share one side and the vertex
Angle bisetor: It is the line segment or ray which divides an angle into two equal parts.
Right: A right angle has 90 degrees.
Obtuse: A obtuse angle has more than 90 degrees.
Acute: An acute angle is the one that has less than 90 degrees.
Flat: a flat angle has 180 degrees.

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS ABOUT CIRCLES
Circle: A set of points at the same distance (equidistant) to a point called center.
Circumference: It is the full length of a circle. The complete distance around a circle.
Center. It is the point equidistant to any of the points on a circle.
Radius: It is the length of a line segment from the center to its perimeter (plural Radii from latin or common english radiuses).
Diameter: A line segment that passes through the center and conects two points of a circle. Its length is double than the radius.
Chord: A line segment which conects points of the circle not through the center.
Arc: Segment of a circle. Whatch out!!!! ARCH  is for architecture.
Tangent. Element (straight or curve lines) which touch a circle in one point.
Outer: When an element (line or curve) doesn't touch the circunference, or another element.
Inner: When an element (line or curve) is fittted inside the circumference, or another element, being tangent or not.
Concentric circles: They are circles with diferent radius but place in the plane sharing the center.

SECOND TERM

DEFINITIONS ABOUT POLYGONS

Start Polygon: It is a particular polygon case with a start shapes create out of linking together non consecutive vertice of a regular polygon.

Inscribe Polygon: They are polygons place inside circle so all the vertices of the polygon are placed on the circle.

Circumscribed: They are polygon surrounding a circle begin it sides tangent to the circle inside.

Classification:

1. Convex Polygon: Any line draw through the polygon meets its boundary exactly twice. As a consequence all its interior angles are less than 180º equivalently any line segment with endpoints on the boundary passes throught only interior points between two endpoints.
2. Concave Polygon: A line may be found which meets its boundary more than twice. Equivalently there exists a line between two boundary points that passes outside the polygon. There is an interiorangle greater than 180º

Equiangular: All their corner, angles or vertices are equal.
Equilateral: All edges or sides are of the same length.
Regular: All their vertices, angles and sides are equal.
Irregular: Show different angles and length for their sides.

Number of sides:
     Triangle. 3 sides
     Square. 4 sides
     Pentagon. 5 sides
     Hexagon. 6 sides
     Heptagon. 7 sides
     Octogon. 8 sides

     Eneagon. 9 sides

     Decagon. 10 Sides

     Dodecagon. 12 sides
Polygons Parts
Sides or edges: Each of the line segments that form a polygon.
Vertex: A point in which two sides or edges meet.
Diagonal: It is a segment line that connects non consecutive vertices.
Perimeter: The path around a polygon, the addition of all its sides.
Center: It is a point equidistant from all the vertices
Aphothem: It is a line segment from the centre of a regular polygon to the midpoint of one of its sides

DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS ABOUT TRIANGLES
Triangle: Is a flat figure with 3 sides and 3 angles 

Classification:

1.- According to the sides:
Equilateral Triangle: It has 3 sides and 3 angles both equals.
Isoscelis Triangle: It has 2 sides equal and 2 angles equal too.
Scalene Triangle: It has 3 sides diferents.

2.-According to the angles:
Right Triangle: It has 1 angle of 90 º
Acute Triangle: It has 3 angles < 90º
Obtuse Triangle: It has 1 angle > 90º

THE QUADRILATERAL

They are polygons with 4 sides and 4 vertices.

Classification

Parallelograms:
Square: 4 sides and 4 right angles.
Rectangle: 2 pairs of equal sides and 4 right angles

Rhombus: 4 equal sides and 2 pairs of equal angles.
Rhomboid: 2 pair of equal sides and 2 pair of equal angles.

Non parallelograms:
Trapezium: 

    Right Trapezium: It is a trapezium which has a right angle
    Isosceles Trapezium: It is a trapezium which has 2 equal sides and 2 pairs of equal angles
    Scalene Trapezium: It is a trapezium which has different sides and different vertices

Trapezoids or Irregual Quadrilaterals:

No sides are parallel and have no equal sides.


STAR POLYGONS

The star polygons are getted joining constantly and no consecutively the vertices of the regular polygons. According to the number of vertices the star polygon has, we can obtain noone, one or several stars. 

There are star polygons that are called false stars because they are formed by several polygons.

Types of star :

Pentagon star: 1 step
Hexagon star: 1 step
Heptagon star: 2 steps
Octogon star: 2 steps
Dodecagon star: 4 steps


THE SYMMETRY
It is a quality of some shapes wich some of their parts are reflections of the others.
Reflection Symmetry: It is a shape quality wich it is formed by 2 halves facing each other with an axis or fold line between, as if both sides were in a mirror.
Symmetry Axis: It is a line wich divides a shape into 2 symmetric halves. Every element of the shape is a reflection of the other side and at the same distance from the axis. Symmetric points are on perpendicular line to it.
Central Symmetry: It is the reflection of an objet thought a point called The Symmetry Center.
Geometric Symmetry: It is a kind of symmetry wich follows accurately the geometric symmetric rules.
Apparent Symmetry: It is the quality of shapes or objets wich show an obvious symmetry but not every point or element follows accuratelly the geometry symmetry rules.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF VISUAL REPRESENTATION
The dot: It is the smallest, most simple element part expression. Its first target is to indicate position since it doesn't follow any direction. It may have different qualities such as size, shape, and colour.
The dot threedimensional capacity: Wheb the size, shape and colour are changed, the dots can create visual sentations of special deepness and volumen.
The dot expresive capacity: The point has a unlimited capacity to represent images and to express ideas and emotions. To do so, visual effects are used.
Optical mix:  When colour are mixed with the help of distance. Point isn't mixed on the palette or on the painting. The optical mis was used first by the pointillists.


SOME VOCABULARY ABOUT LINES
Line: It can be defined as a dot in movement. It has position and direction in the space and one of its principal funtion consists on making the shapes outlines.
Zig-zag or broken lines: They are formed by several fragments of straight lines with different directions.
Curly lines: They hold more curves than wavy lines and show loops.
Scribble: Chaotic or meaningless line that are trace ramdomly, usually in first stages of childhood or to fill in some area with a particular texture.


DEFINITIONS ABOUT THE PLANE OR FLAT SHAPE
Plane: Also called shape in visual arts. It could be spot or a brushtroke. It is a two-dimensional surface; height and width but not depth. It has position and direction on the space.
The plane three-dimensional capacity:  One of the main goals of the plane consists on creating volumen when several flat shapes get together in different directions.
Flat organic shapes:  They follow natural principles and can take countless appearences.
Flat geometric shapes: They follow mathemathical principles. In visual arts are thee main basic geometric shapes: circles, squares and triangles.